We are very happy to announce the twenty-first release of annotated treebanks in Universal Dependencies, v2.15, available at https://universaldependencies.org/.
Universal Dependencies is a project that seeks to develop cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages with the goal of facilitating multilingual parser development, cross-lingual learning, and parsing research from a language typology perspective (de Marneffe et al., 2021; Nivre et al., 2020). The annotation scheme is based on (universal) Stanford dependencies (de Marneffe et al., 2006, 2008, 2014), Google universal part-of-speech tags (Petrov et al., 2012), and the Interset interlingua for morphosyntactic tagsets (Zeman, 2008). The general philosophy is to provide a universal inventory of categories and guidelines to facilitate consistent annotation of similar constructions across languages, while allowing language-specific extensions when necessary.
The *296* treebanks in v2.15 are annotated according to version 2 of the UD guidelines and represent the following *168* languages: Abaza, Abkhaz, Afrikaans, Akkadian, Akuntsu, Albanian, Amharic, Ancient Greek, Ancient Hebrew, Apurina, Arabic, Armenian, Assyrian, Azerbaijani, Bambara, Basque, Bavarian, Beja, Belarusian, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bororo, Breton, Bulgarian, Buryat, Cantonese, Cappadocian, Catalan, Cebuano, Chinese, Chukchi, Classical Armenian, Classical Chinese, Coptic, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Egyptian, English, Erzya, Estonian, Faroese, Finnish, French, Frisian Dutch, Galician, Georgian, German, Gheg, Gothic, Greek, Guajajara, Guarani, Gujarati, Gwichin, Haitian Creole, Hausa, Hebrew, Highland Puebla Nahuatl, Hindi, Hittite, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Javanese, Kaapor, Kangri, Karelian, Karo, Kazakh, Khunsari, Kiche, Komi Permyak, Komi Zyrian, Korean, Kurmanji, Kyrgyz, Latgalian, Latin, Latvian, Ligurian, Lithuanian, Livvi, Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, Macedonian, Madi, Maghrebi Arabic French, Makurap, Malayalam, Maltese, Manx, Marathi, Mbya Guarani, Middle French, Moksha, Munduruku, Naija, Nayini, Neapolitan, Nheengatu, North Sami, Northwest Gbaya, Norwegian, Old Church Slavonic, Old East Slavic, Old French, Old Irish, Old Turkish, Ottoman Turkish, Pashto, Paumari, Persian, Pesh, Phrygian, Polish, Pomak, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Sanskrit, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian, Sinhala, Skolt Sami, Slovak, Slovenian, Soi, South Levantine Arabic, Spanish, Spanish Sign Language, Swedish, Swedish Sign Language, Swiss German, Tagalog, Tamil, Tatar, Teko, Telugu, Telugu English, Thai, Tswana, Tupinamba, Turkish, Turkish German, Ukrainian, Umbrian, Upper Sorbian, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Veps, Vietnamese, Warlpiri, Welsh, Western Armenian, Western Sierra Puebla Nahuatl, Wolof, Xavante, Xibe, Yakut, Yoruba, Yupik and Zaar. The 168 languages belong to *33* families: Afro-Asiatic, Arawakan, Arawan, Austro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Basque, Bororoan, Chibchan, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Code switching, Creole, Dravidian, Eskimo-Aleut, Indo-European, Japanese, Kartvelian, Korean, Macro-Je, Mande, Mayan, Mongolic, Na-Dene, Niger-Congo, Northwest Caucasian, Pama-Nyungan, Sign Language, Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, Tungusic, Tupian, Turkic, Uralic and Uto-Aztecan. Depending on the language, the treebanks range in size from less than 1,000 tokens to over 3 million tokens. We expect the next release to be available in May 2025.
The size of the following 24 treebanks changed significantly since the last release: Abkhaz AbNC : 2444 → 6363 Albanian STAF : 0 → 3563 Beja Autogramm : 0 → 11951 Beja NSC : 5888 → 0 Cappadocian AMGiC : 0 → 451 Egyptian UJaen : 5515 → 14650 Georgian GLC : 2335 → 60173 Gwichin TueCL : 0 → 1008 Hebrew IAHLTknesset : 0 → 67007 Italian Old : 82644 → 122038 Korean KSL : 0 → 66989 Kyrgyz KTMU : 7451 → 23654 Nheengatu CompLin : 15036 → 19278 Northwest Gbaya Autogramm: 0 → 2417 Old East Slavic RNC : 95551 → 168064 Old East Slavic Ruthenian: 96803 → 111503 Pashto Sikaram : 0 → 995 Pesh ChibErgIS : 0 → 2508 Phrygian KUL : 0 → 1687 Portuguese DANTEStocks : 0 → 80997 Slovenian SST : 76341 → 98393 Spanish Sign Language LSE: 0 → 1393 Ukrainian ParlaMint : 0 → 51997 Uzbek UT : 0 → 5850
In total, the new release contains *1,939,085* sentences, 32,078,118 surface tokens and *32,741,781* syntactic words.
Daniel Zeman, Joakim Nivre, Mitchell Abrams, Elia Ackermann, Noëmi Aepli, Hamid Aghaei, Željko Agić, Amir Ahmadi, Lars Ahrenberg, Chika Kennedy Ajede, Arofat Akhundjanova, Furkan Akkurt, Gabrielė Aleksandravičiūtė, Ika Alfina, Avner Algom, Khalid Alnajjar, Chiara Alzetta, Erik Andersen, Matthew Andrews, Lene Antonsen, Tatsuya Aoyama, Katya Aplonova, Angelina Aquino, Carolina Aragon, Glyd Aranes, Maria Jesus Aranzabe, Bilge Nas Arıcan, Þórunn Arnardóttir, Gashaw Arutie, Jessica Naraiswari Arwidarasti, Masayuki Asahara, Katla Ásgeirsdóttir, Deniz Baran Aslan, Cengiz Asmazoğlu, Luma Ateyah, Furkan Atmaca, Mohammed Attia, Aitziber Atutxa, Liesbeth Augustinus, Mariana Avelãs, Elena Badmaeva, Keerthana Balasubramani, Miguel Ballesteros, Esha Banerjee, Sebastian Bank, Bryan Khelven da Silva Barbosa, Verginica Barbu Mititelu, Starkaður Barkarson, Rodolfo Basile, Victoria Basmov, Colin Batchelor, John Bauer, Seyyit Talha Bedir, Shabnam Behzad, Juan Belieni, Kepa Bengoetxea, İbrahim Benli, Yifat Ben Moshe, Ansu Berg, Gözde Berk, Riyaz Ahmad Bhat, Erica Biagetti, Eckhard Bick, Agnė Bielinskienė, Esma Fatıma Bilgin Taşdemir, Kristín Bjarnadóttir, Verena Blaschke, Rogier Blokland, Nina Böbel, Victoria Bobicev, Loïc Boizou, Johnatan Bonilla, Emanuel Borges Völker, Carl Börstell, Cristina Bosco, Gosse Bouma, Sam Bowman, Adriane Boyd, Anouck Braggaar, António Branco, Kristina Brokaitė, Aljoscha Burchardt, Carmen Cabeza, Natalia Cáceres Arandia, Marisa Campos, Marie Candito, Bernard Caron, Gauthier Caron, Catarina Carvalheiro, Rita Carvalho, Lauren Cassidy, Maria Clara Castro, Sérgio Castro, Tatiana Cavalcanti, Gülşen Cebiroğlu Eryiğit, Flavio Massimiliano Cecchini, Giuseppe G. A. Celano, Anila Çepani, Slavomír Čéplö, Neslihan Cesur, Savas Cetin, Özlem Çetinoğlu, Fabricio Chalub, Liyanage Chamila, Claudine Chamoreau, Shweta Chauhan, Yifei Chen, Ethan Chi, Taishi Chika, Yongseok Cho, Jinho Choi, Bermet Chontaeva, Jayeol Chun, Juyeon Chung, Alessandra T. Cignarella, Silvie Cinková, Aurélie Collomb, Çağrı Çöltekin, Miriam Connor, Claudia Corbetta, Daniela Corbetta, Francisco Costa, Marine Courtin, Benoît Crabbé, Mihaela Cristescu, Vladimir Cvetkoski, Netanel Dahan, Ingerid Løyning Dale, Philemon Daniel, Elizabeth Davidson, Leonel Figueiredo de Alencar, Mathieu Dehouck, Martina de Laurentiis, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Valeria de Paiva, Mehmet Oguz Derin, Elvis de Souza, Arantza Diaz de Ilarraza, Roberto Antonio Díaz Hernández, Carly Dickerson, Ariani Di Felippo, Arawinda Dinakaramani, Elisa Di Nuovo, Bamba Dione, Peter Dirix, Hoa Do, Kaja Dobrovoljc, Caroline Döhmer, Adrian Doyle, Timothy Dozat, Kira Droganova, Magali Sanches Duran, Puneet Dwivedi, Christian Ebert, Hanne Eckhoff, Masaki Eguchi, Sandra Eiche, Roald Eiselen, Marhaba Eli, Ali Elkahky, Binyam Ephrem, Olga Erina, Tomaž Erjavec, Soudabeh Eslami, Farah Essaidi, Aline Etienne, Wograine Evelyn, Sidney Facundes, Richárd Farkas, Ján Faryad, Federica Favero, Jannatul Ferdaousi, Marília Fernanda, Hector Fernandez Alcalde, Amal Fethi, Jennifer Foster, Theodorus Fransen, Cláudia Freitas, Kazunori Fujita, Katarína Gajdošová, Daniel Galbraith, Edith Galy, Federica Gamba, Marcos Garcia, José María García-Miguel, Moa Gärdenfors, Tanja Gaustad, Efe Eren Genç, Fabrício Ferraz Gerardi, Kim Gerdes, Luke Gessler, Filip Ginter, Gustavo Godoy, Iakes Goenaga, Koldo Gojenola, Memduh Gökırmak, Yoav Goldberg, Gili Goldin, Xavier Gómez Guinovart, Berta González Saavedra, Bernadeta Griciūtė, Matias Grioni, Loïc Grobol, Normunds Grūzītis, Bruno Guillaume, Kirian Guiller, Céline Guillot-Barbance, Tunga Güngör, Vladimir Gurevich, Nizar Habash, Hinrik Hafsteinsson, Jan Hajič, Jan Hajič jr., Mika Hämäläinen, Linh Hà Mỹ, Na-Rae Han, Muhammad Yudistira Hanifmuti, Takahiro Harada, Sam Hardwick, Kim Harris, Naïma Hassert, Dag Haug, Johannes Heinecke, Oliver Hellwig, Felix Hennig, Barbora Hladká, Jaroslava Hlaváčová, Florinel Hociung, Diana Hoefels, Petter Hohle, Nick Howell, Yidi Huang, Marivel Huerta Mendez, Jena Hwang, Takumi Ikeda, Inessa Iliadou, Anton Karl Ingason, Radu Ion, Elena Irimia, Ọlájídé Ishola, Artan Islamaj, Kaoru Ito, Federica Iurescia, Sandra Jagodzińska, Siratun Jannat, Tomáš Jelínek, Apoorva Jha, Katharine Jiang, Mayank Jobanputra, Anders Johannsen, Hildur Jónsdóttir, Fredrik Jørgensen, Markus Juutinen, Hüner Kaşıkara, Nadezhda Kabaeva, Sylvain Kahane, Hiroshi Kanayama, Jenna Kanerva, Neslihan Kara, Ritván Karahóǧa, Andre Kåsen, Tolga Kayadelen, Sarveswaran Kengatharaiyer, Václava Kettnerová, Lilit Kharatyan, Jesse Kirchner, Elena Klementieva, Elena Klyachko, Petr Kocharov, Arne Köhn, Abdullatif Köksal, Kamil Kopacewicz, Timo Korkiakangas, Mehmet Köse, Alexey Koshevoy, Nelda Kote, Natalia Kotsyba, Barbara Kovačić, Jolanta Kovalevskaitė, Emmanuelle Kowner, Simon Krek, Parameswari Krishnamurthy, Sandra Kübler, Adrian Kuqi, Oğuzhan Kuyrukçu, Aslı Kuzgun, Sookyoung Kwak, Kris Kyle, Käbi Laan, Veronika Laippala, Lorenzo Lambertino, Israel Landau, Tatiana Lando, Septina Dian Larasati, Alexei Lavrentiev, John Lee, Phương Lê Hồng, Alessandro Lenci, Saran Lertpradit, Herman Leung, Maria Levina, Lauren Levine, Cheuk Ying Li, Josie Li, Keying Li, Yixuan Li, Yuan Li, KyungTae Lim, Bruna Lima Padovani, Yi-Ju Jessica Lin, Krister Lindén, Yang Janet Liu, Nikola Ljubešić, Irina Lobzhanidze, Olga Loginova, Lucelene Lopes, Edita Luftiu, Arsenii Lukashevskyi, Stefano Lusito, Anne-Marie Lutgen, Andry Luthfi, Mikko Luukko, Olga Lyashevskaya, Teresa Lynn, Vivien Macketanz, Menel Mahamdi, Jean Maillard, Ilya Makarchuk, Aibek Makazhanov, Francesco Mambrini, Michael Mandl, Christopher Manning, Ruli Manurung, Büşra Marşan, Cătălina Mărănduc, David Mareček, Katrin Marheinecke, Stella Markantonatou, Héctor Martínez Alonso, Lorena Martín Rodríguez, André Martins, Cláudia Martins, Jan Mašek, Hiroshi Matsuda, Yuji Matsumoto, Alessandro Mazzei, Ryan McDonald, Sarah McGuinness, Maitrey Mehta, Pierre André Ménard, Gustavo Mendonça, Hilla Merhav, Tatiana Merzhevich, Paul Meurer, Niko Miekka, Emilia Milano, Aaron Miller, Yael Minerbi, Karina Mischenkova, Anna Missilä, Cătălin Mititelu, Maria Mitrofan, Yusuke Miyao, AmirHossein Mojiri Foroushani, Judit Molnár, Amirsaeid Moloodi, Simonetta Montemagni, Amir More, Laura Moreno Romero, Giovanni Moretti, Shinsuke Mori, Tomohiko Morioka, Shigeki Moro, Bjartur Mortensen, Bohdan Moskalevskyi, Kadri Muischnek, Robert Munro, Yugo Murawaki, Kaili Müürisep, Pinkey Nainwani, Mariam Nakhlé, Juan Ignacio Navarro Horñiacek, Anna Nedoluzhko, Gunta Nešpore-Bērzkalne, Manuela Nevaci, Lương Nguyễn Thị, Huyền Nguyễn Thị Minh, Yoshihiro Nikaido, Vitaly Nikolaev, Rattima Nitisaroj, Victor Norrman, Alireza Nourian, Maria das Graças Volpe Nunes, Hanna Nurmi, Stina Ojala, Atul Kr. Ojha, Hulda Óladóttir, Adédayọ̀ Olúòkun, Mai Omura, Emeka Onwuegbuzia, Noam Ordan, Petya Osenova, Robert Östling, Annika Ott, Lilja Øvrelid, Şaziye Betül Özateş, Merve Özçelik, Arzucan Özgür, Balkız Öztürk Başaran, Teresa Paccosi, Alessio Palmero Aprosio, Anastasia Panova, Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro Pardo, Hyunji Hayley Park, Niko Partanen, Elena Pascual, Marco Passarotti, Agnieszka Patejuk, Guilherme Paulino-Passos, Giulia Pedonese, Oggi Peeters, Angelika Peljak-Łapińska, Siyao Peng, Siyao Logan Peng, Rita Pereira, Sílvia Pereira, Cenel-Augusto Perez, Natalia Perkova, Guy Perrier, Slav Petrov, Daria Petrova, Andrea Peverelli, Jason Phelan, Claudel Pierre-Louis, Jussi Piitulainen, Yuval Pinter, Clara Pinto, Rodrigo Pintucci, Tommi A Pirinen, Emily Pitler, Magdalena Plamada, Barbara Plank, Alistair Plum, Thierry Poibeau, Larisa Ponomareva, Martin Popel, Lauma Pretkalniņa, Rigardt Pretorius, Sophie Prévost, Prokopis Prokopidis, Adam Przepiórkowski, Robert Pugh, Tiina Puolakainen, Christoph Purschke, Sampo Pyysalo, Peng Qi, Andreia Querido, Andriela Rääbis, Ella Rabinovich, Alexandre Rademaker, Mizanur Rahoman, Taraka Rama, Loganathan Ramasamy, Carlos Ramisch, Joana Ramos, Fam Rashel, Mohammad Sadegh Rasooli, Vinit Ravishankar, Livy Real, Petru Rebeja, Siva Reddy, Mathilde Regnault, Georg Rehm, Arij Riabi, Ivan Riabov, Michael Rießler, Erika Rimkutė, Larissa Rinaldi, Laura Rituma, Putri Rizqiyah, Luisa Rocha, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson, Ivan Roksandic, Norton Trevisan Roman, Mykhailo Romanenko, Rudolf Rosa, Valentin Roșca, Paulette Roulon, Davide Rovati, Ben Rozonoyer, Olga Rudina, Jack Rueter, Paolo Ruffolo, Kristján Rúnarsson, Rozana Rushiti, Shoval Sadde, Pegah Safari, Aleksi Sahala, Shadi Saleh, Alessio Salomoni, Tanja Samardžić, Konstantinos Sampanis, Stephanie Samson, Xulia Sánchez-Rodríguez, Manuela Sanguinetti, Ezgi Sanıyar, Dage Särg, Marta Sartor, Albina Sarymsakova, Mitsuya Sasaki, Baiba Saulīte, Agata Savary, Yanin Sawanakunanon, Shefali Saxena, Kevin Scannell, Salvatore Scarlata, Emmanuel Schang, Nathan Schneider, Sebastian Schuster, Lane Schwartz, Djamé Seddah, Wolfgang Seeker, Sven Sellmer, Mojgan Seraji, Syeda Shahzadi, Mo Shen, Atsuko Shimada, Gyu-Ho Shin, Hiroyuki Shirasu, Yana Shishkina, Muh Shohibussirri, Maria Shvedova, Janine Siewert, Einar Freyr Sigurðsson, João Silva, Aline Silveira, Natalia Silveira, Sara Silveira, Maria Simi, Radu Simionescu, Katalin Simkó, Mária Šimková, Haukur Barri Símonarson, Kiril Simov, Dmitri Sitchinava, Ted Sither, Aaron Smith, Isabela Soares-Bastos, Per Erik Solberg, Barbara Sonnenhauser, Shafi Sourov, Rachele Sprugnoli, Vivian Stamou, Steinþór Steingrímsson, Antonio Stella, Abishek Stephen, Milan Straka, Omer Strass, Emmett Strickland, Jana Strnadová, Alane Suhr, Yogi Lesmana Sulestio, Umut Sulubacak, Hakyung Sung, Shingo Suzuki, Daniel Swanson, Zsolt Szántó, Chihiro Taguchi, Dima Taji, Luigi Talamo, Fabio Tamburini, Mary Ann C. Tan, Takaaki Tanaka, Dipta Tanaya, Mirko Tavoni, Samson Tella, Isabelle Tellier, Marinella Testori, Guillaume Thomas, Tarık Emre Tıraş, Sara Tonelli, Liisi Torga, Marsida Toska, Trond Trosterud, Anna Trukhina, Reut Tsarfaty, Utku Türk, Francis Tyers, Sveinbjörn Þórðarson, Vilhjálmur Þorsteinsson, Sumire Uematsu, Roman Untilov, Zdeňka Urešová, Larraitz Uria, Hans Uszkoreit, Andrius Utka, Elena Vagnoni, Sowmya Vajjala, Socrates Vak, Rob van der Goot, Martine Vanhove, Daniel van Niekerk, Gertjan van Noord, Viktor Varga, Uliana Vedenina, Giulia Venturi, Eric Villemonte de la Clergerie, Veronika Vincze, Anishka Vissamsetty, Natalia Vlasova, Eleni Vligouridou, Aya Wakasa, Joel C. Wallenberg, Lars Wallin, Abigail Walsh, John Wang, Jonathan North Washington, Leonie Weissweiler, Maximilan Wendt, Paul Widmer, Shira Wigderson, Sri Hartati Wijono, Vanessa Berwanger Wille, Seyi Williams, Miriam Winkler, Shuly Wintner, Mats Wirén, Christian Wittern, Tsegay Woldemariam, Tak-sum Wong, Alina Wróblewska, Qishen Wu, Mary Yako, Kayo Yamashita, Naoki Yamazaki, Chunxiao Yan, Koichi Yasuoka, Marat M. Yavrumyan, Arife Betül Yenice, Enes Yılandiloğlu, Olcay Taner Yıldız, Zhuoran Yu, Arlisa Yuliawati, Zdeněk Žabokrtský, Shorouq Zahra, Amir Zeldes, He Zhou, Hanzhi Zhu, Yilun Zhu, Anna Zhuravleva, Rayan Ziane, Artūrs Znotiņš
References
Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Christopher Manning, Joakim Nivre, Daniel Zeman. 2021. Universal Dependencies. In Computational Linguistics 47:2, pp. 255–308.
Joakim Nivre, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Jan Hajič, Christopher D. Manning, Sampo Pyysalo, Sebastian Schuster, Francis Tyers, Daniel Zeman. 2020. Universal Dependencies v2: An Evergrowing Multilingual Treebank Collection. In Proceedings of LREC.
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Joakim Nivre, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Yoav Goldberg, Jan Hajič, Christopher D. Manning, Ryan McDonald, Slav Petrov, Sampo Pyysalo, Natalia Silveira, Reut Tsarfaty, Daniel Zeman. 2016. Universal Dependencies v1: A Multilingual Treebank Collection. In Proceedings of LREC.
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