*** Last Call for Workshop and Competition Proposals ***
The 25th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent
Systems (AAMAS 2026)
May 25-29, 2026, 5* Coral Beach Hotel & Resort, Paphos, Cyprus
https://cyprusconferences.org/aamas2026/<http://www.cs.ucy.ac.cy/~george/GPLists_2021/lm.php?tk=Y29ycG9yYQkJCWNvcnBv…>
AAMAS 2026 received 1455 full paper submissions for the Main Track, after an initial
submission of 1800 abstracts. This is by far the highest number of submissions (around
50% more than the previous highest number) in the 25 years of AAMAS.
Workshops
AAMAS 2026 invites proposals for the workshop program, which will be held on May
25-26, 2026, immediately before the main program of the AAMAS conference.
The objectives of the AAMAS 2026 workshop program are to stimulate and facilitate
discussion, interaction, and comparison of approaches, methods, and ideas related to
specific topics, both theoretical and applied, in the general area of Autonomous Agents
and Multiagent Systems. The AAMAS 2026 workshops will provide an informal setting
where participants will have the opportunity to discuss specific technical topics, fostering
the active exchange of ideas and supporting community development.
We invite the submission of workshop proposals for review. We encourage workshops
proposals that focus on emerging topics, open research questions and challenges, as well
as broader subjects of interest to a wider community. Additionally, we welcome workshops
with previous editions at AAMAS that can attract established communities working in the
same research area.
Workshops may vary in length from half a day to two days, though most are expected to
last one full day. Attendance will be limited to registered participants, and both organizers
and attendees must register for their workshop, which will have a separate fee from the
main conference. Workshop attendees are not required to register for the main AAMAS
conference if they do not plan to attend it, though this is highly encouraged.
AAMAS 2026 will be an in-person event in Paphos, Cyprus. AAMAS 2026 reserves the right
to cancel workshops if the registration numbers do not cover their operating costs.
Competitions
We are glad to announce the third edition of the AAMAS Competition track at AAMAS
2026.
Competitions are an effective mechanism for motivating researchers to enhance
discussions, share knowledge, and boost the development and evaluation of theory and
practice of autonomous agents and multiagent systems. By proposing challenging
competitions to the AAMAS community, competition proposers contribute to pushing the
state-of-the-art in specific areas or to solving problems of practical importance.
We invite competition proposals on topics of interest to the AAMAS community. We
encourage submissions from emerging areas or novel application scenarios relevant to the
AAMAS community. Submissions from established areas for which the competition may
serve as a stimulus to advance theory and practice or renew the interest of young
researchers in the area are also welcome. We highly value interdisciplinary topics that have
the potential to attract a significant cross-section of the community.
If the accepted competition involves the development of tools and platforms for
supporting agent development, the proposer(s) will be encouraged to submit a
Demonstration paper at AAMAS 2027 summarizing the design, development, and
outcomes of their competition at the 2026 conference.
At least one proposer of each accepted competition is required to register and attend the
conference to run the finals of the competition and/or to announce the winners.
Important Dates (AoE)
Workshop Proposals
• Submission Deadline: November 10, 2025
• Notification: December 3, 2025
• Workshops Announcement: December 10, 2025
• Deadline to Post CFP & Website: December 17, 2025
• Recommended Paper Deadline: February 4, 2026
• Recommended Acceptance Notification: March 20, 2026
• Workshops: May 25-26, 2026
Competition Proposals
• Submission Deadline: November 10, 2025
• Notification: December 3, 2025
• Competitions: May 25-26, 2026
Organizing Committee
AAMAS 2026 General Chairs
• Viviana Mascardi, University of Genova, Italy
• John Thangarajah, RMIT University, Australia
AAMAS 2026 Program Chairs
• Chris Amato, Northeastern University, United States of America
• Louise Dennis, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
AAMAS 2026 Local Chairs
• George A. Papadopoulos, University of Cyprus, Cyprus (Chair)
• Panayiotis Kolios, University of Cyprus, Cyprus (Vice Chair)
1st Edition of the Workshop on Hidden Information, Steganography, Privacy, and Emerging Risks, co-located with ITASEC & SERICS 2026, Cagliari, Italy, February 09-13, 2026
*** Call for Papers ***
Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly integrated into a wide range of domains, reshaping the landscape of information security. From synthetic content generation to intelligent system deployment, AI technologies now influence every layer of communication, data processing, and multimedia production. This evolution brings both opportunities and risks. On one hand, AI can enhance defenses by detecting hidden information, tracing content origins, and identifying covert channels; on the other hand, it can empower adversaries to design stealthier data-hiding methods, generate highly realistic steganographic media, and optimize side-channel attacks. Moreover, even AI can be watermarked or targeted by data exfiltration attacks, being a fundamental asset for campanies.
In this context, the 1st Workshop on Hidden Information, Steganography, Privacy, and Emerging Risks (WHISPER 2026), co-located with ITASEC & SERICS, aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from both academia and industry to explore the intersection of AI, steganography, digital watermarking, and privacy. The workshop will focus on emerging risks, defensive and adversarial strategies, and the dual role of AI, as both a potential threat and a powerful safeguard, in the protection, tracing, and authentication of information.
Topics of Interest Submissions are invited on all topics related to information hiding, watermarking, and privacy in the era of AI, including but not limited to:
* Watermarking schemes, usages, and challenges, including model and content watermarking for intellectual property protection.
* Novel cloaking mechanisms within models and/or datasets with robustness and fairness properties.
* New threat models leveraging information-hiding techniques.
* Secure watermarking of large language models, generative models and traditional machine learning models.
* Deep learning solutions for detecting and generating covert communication.
* Adversarial attacks and defenses in data hiding and watermarking.
* Data-exfiltration attacks to AI models, including membership inference attacks and privacy leakages.
*** Submission Guidelines***
Submissions must be written in English and provided in PDF format, adhering to the ITASEC conference template EasyChair style (https://easychair.org/publications/for_authors). Manuscripts should at most 10 pages in length, excluding references. We accept both previously published papers and original submissions presenting new ideas or preliminary results. All submissions will undergo peer review by at least two members of the Program Committee.
*** Important dates ***
* Paper Submission: 5 December 2025
* Notification: 20 December 2025
* Carmera-ready: 10 January 2026
* Workshop: 09 February 2026
*** Workshop organizers ***
* Lorenzo Cazzaro, UNIVE & University of Luxembourg, Italy and Luxembourg
* Daniela Gallo, ICAR-CNR & University of Salento, Italy
* Angelica Liguori, ICAR-CNR, Italy
* Luca Caviglione, IMATI-CNR, Italy
* Giuseppe Manco, ICAR-CNR, Italy
* Salvatore Orlando, UNIVE, Italy
For more information: angelica.liguori(a)icar.cnr.it
*** First Call for Doctoral Consortium ***
The Annual ACM Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 2026)
March 23-26, 2026, 5* Coral Beach Hotel & Resort, Paphos, Cyprus
https://iui.hosting.acm.org/2026/<http://www.cs.ucy.ac.cy/~george/GPLists_2021/lm.php?tk=Y29ycG9yYQkJCWNvcnBv…>
The ACM Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (ACM IUI) is the leading annual venue
for researchers and practitioners to explore advancements at the intersection of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI).
IUI 2026 attracted a record number of submissions for the main conference (561 full
paper submissions after an initial submission of 697 abstracts).
The IUI 2026 Doctoral Consortium (DC) provides students an opportunity to present their
research and receive feedback from a panel of mentors comprising senior researchers in
the field. We invite students who want to benefit from the guidance given by the
experienced mentors for planning the future steps in their research project. The ideal
participant is a doctoral student about two years from finishing their Ph.D. However, we
will also consider advanced Master students and junior Ph.D students provided their
research plan is sufficiently developed to benefit from the discussion at the DC.
The IUI Doctoral Consortium will provide students with an opportunity to:
• present and discuss the status of their research with experienced scholars in a
supportive, formative, and yet critical environment;
• explore and further develop their research ideas through constructive feedback
provided by the mentors and other DC students;
• network and build collaborations with other members of the community;
• discuss various professional aspects and career opportunities.
Submission and Participation
Submissions will be reviewed and selected by the DC committee and DC mentors. DC
candidates should have developed a clear topic and research approach and have made
some progress, but are not too far along in their research so that they can still reshape
their research topic or approach.
The final version of accepted Doctoral Consortium submissions will be included in the
IUI companion proceedings published in the ACM Digital Library. DC participants are
expected to attend in person the Doctoral Consortium workshop that will take place as a
separate session during the conference (date to be announced). DC participants will also
have the opportunity to present their research in the poster session during the main
program.
Complimentary/reduced conference registration will be available for DC participants
under the precondition that they agree to assist as student volunteers in the organization
of the conference. They will also be given priority when applying for the student travel
awards (for details, see the Travel Funding page on the conference website).
Submission Instructions
If you are unsure about eligibility or submission requirements, please do not hesitate to
email us at dc2026(a)iui.acm.org!
To apply for the Doctoral Consortium, two steps are required:
• Please submit a single PDF containing your technical submission (for details see below)
via PCS by December 17, 2025.
• In addition, your doctoral or thesis advisor should send a separate, brief letter of
recommendation to the DC chairs at dc2026(a)iui.acm.org by December 17, 2025.
For the technical submission, please upload a single PDF containing the following four
items to https://new.precisionconference.com/~sigchi<http://www.cs.ucy.ac.cy/~george/GPLists_2021/lm.php?tk=Y29ycG9yYQkJCWNvcnBv…> .
1. Cover Letter (1 page max):
Please include your full name, contact details, affiliation, web page, expected graduation
date and target degree, the name of your thesis advisor, gender (optional), home country
(optional), and whether you are a member of an underrepresented minority group
(optional).
2. DC Submission (4 pages max including references):
A document describing your thesis/dissertation topic and research plan and your
progress thus far. Key points the submission should include:
• motivation for your dissertation research
• goal and research questions
• related work that frames your research
• methods/approach to reach the goal
• results, if any
• next steps for your research
3. Questions to mentors and co-students (1 page max):
List the main questions and discussion points regarding your thesis/dissertation topic
for which you expect to receive feedback from the Doctoral Consortium mentors/
participants.
4. Your CV (3 pages max):
Provide an academic curriculum vitae (CV) document.
How to Format and Submit
Prepare your submission for review in a single column format, using the latest templates:
Word Submission Template, or the LaTeX template using
\documentclass[manuscript,review,anonymous]{acmart} for the LaTeX template.
All materials must be submitted electronically to PCS 2.0
https://new.precisionconference.com/~sigchi<http://www.cs.ucy.ac.cy/~george/GPLists_2021/lm.php?tk=Y29ycG9yYQkJCWNvcnBv…> by the Doctoral Consortium deadline.
In PCS 2.0, first click "Submissions" at the top of the page, from the dropdown menus for
society, conference, and track select "SIGCHI", "IUI 2026" and "IUI 2026 DC", respectively,
and press "Go".
Notifications and Possible SIGCHI Funding
Acceptance notifications will be sent by January 6, 2026.
Note that SIGCHI offers travel funding via the Gary Marsden Travel Awards.
The application deadline for this is Jan 9th. More information can be find at
https://iui.acm.org/2026/travel-funding/<http://www.cs.ucy.ac.cy/~george/GPLists_2021/lm.php?tk=Y29ycG9yYQkJCWNvcnBv…> .
Important Dates
• Paper Submission: December 17, 2025
• Acceptance Notification: January 6, 2026
All dates are 23:59h AoE (anywhere on Earth).
Organisation
General Chairs
• Tsvi Kuflik, The University of Haifa, Israel
• Styliani Kleanthous, Open University of Cyprus, Cyprus
Local Organising Chair
• George A. Papadopoulos, University of Cyprus, Cyprus
Doctoral Consortium Chairs
• Bart Knijnenburg, Clemson University, USA
• Osnat (Ossi) Mokryn, University of Haifa, Israel
• Martijn Willemsen, Eindhoven University of Technology & JADS, The Netherlands
*** Fourth Call for Contributions to the Special Tracks ***
The 25th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent
Systems (AAMAS 2026)
May 25-29, 2026, 5* Coral Beach Hotel & Resort, Paphos, Cyprus
https://cyprusconferences.org/aamas2026/<http://www.cs.ucy.ac.cy/~george/GPLists_2021/lm.php?tk=Y29ycG9yYQkJCWNvcnBv…>
AAMAS 2026 received 1455 full paper submissions for the Main Track, after an initial
submission of 1800 abstracts. This is by far the highest number of submissions (around
50% more than the previous highest number).
Although the deadline for submissions to the Main Track is now over, we welcome
submissions to the Special Tracks of AAMAS 2026. AAMAS 2026 will feature
five special tracks: AAAI Track, JAAMAS Track, Blue Sky Ideas Track, Demo Track, and
Competitions Track, as well as the Doctoral Consortium. AAMAS 2026 also welcomes
proposals for workshops and tutorials.
The AAAI Track welcomes AAAI-25 submissions rejected from the main AAAI track that
are relevant to the AAMAS research community and received no reject review
recommendations (all review scores are weak reject or above).
The JAAMAS Track offers authors of papers recently published in the Journal of
Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (JAAMAS) that have not previously appeared
as full papers in an archival conference the opportunity to present their work at AAMAS
2026.
The focus of the Blue Sky Ideas Track is on visionary ideas, long-term challenges, new
research opportunities, and controversial debate.
The Demo Track allows participants from both academia and industry to showcase their
latest developments in agent-based and robotic systems.
The Competitions Track is an effective mechanism for motivating researchers to enhance
discussions, share knowledge, and boost the development and evaluation of theory and
practice of autonomous agents and multiagent systems.
Finally, AAMAS invites PhD students working in the research areas covered by AAMAS to
take part in the Doctoral Consortium (DC). The DC is an opportunity to interact closely
with established researchers in your field as well as other PhD students to receive feedback
on your work and to get advice on managing your career.
The calls for each track above and for the Doctoral Consortium, along with the respective
important dates, are available on the AAMAS 2026 web site.
Workshops and Tutorials
Furthermore, AAMAS 2026 invites proposals for workshops and tutorials. These will be
held on May 25-26, 2026, immediately before the main program of the AAMAS conference.
The objectives of the AAMAS 2026 workshop program are to stimulate and facilitate
discussion, interaction, and comparison of approaches, methods, and ideas related to
specific topics, both theoretical and applied, in the general area of Autonomous Agents
and Multiagent Systems. The AAMAS 2026 workshops will provide an informal setting
where participants will have the opportunity to discuss specific technical topics, fostering
the active exchange of ideas and supporting community development.
Tutorials will be half-day long and will be in person — online/remote versions will not be
accepted. A few full-day tutorials may be considered, but the proponents need to motivate
their request when submitting their proposal.
The calls for workshop and tutorial proposals, along with the respective important dates,
are available on the AAMAS 2026 web site.
Organizing Committee
AAMAS 2026 General Chairs
• Viviana Mascardi, University of Genova, Italy
• John Thangarajah, RMIT University, Australia
AAMAS 2026 Program Chairs
• Chris Amato, Northeastern University, United States of America
• Louise Dennis, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
AAMAS 2026 Local Chairs
• George A. Papadopoulos, University of Cyprus, Cyprus (Chair)
• Panayiotis Kolios, University of Cyprus, Cyprus (Vice Chair)
If you have additional questions, please contact the Program Chairs using
aamas2026pcs(a)gmail.com .
SciProdLLM 2025: 1st Workshop on Human-LLM Collaboration for Ethical
and Responsible Science Production
December 23/24, 2025, Mumbai, India
Co-located with IJCNLP-AACL 2025
https://sciprodllm.github.io/
CALL FOR PAPERS
SciProdLLM 2025 is a forum for presenting and discussing research on
integrating large language models (LLMs) into the typical research
workflow: from ideation to experimentation to scientific writing, with
a particular focus on human-centered approaches that ensure ethical
and responsible use of LLMs. We also invite work that evaluates the
quality of LLM-assisted research workflows and the resulting outputs.
We welcome submissions on any aspect of human-LLM collaboration for
science production, evaluation of LLMs for science production, and/or
evaluation of LLM-assisted scientific papers. Relevant topics include,
but are not limited to, the following:
- Guiding idea generation through user feedback
- Automated experimentation following the experimental workflow used
by human scientists (e.g., the workflow from data preprocessing to
comparison to baselines)
- Human-curated datasets of scientific papers for fine-tuning LLMs for
generating ideas and paper content (text, figures, tables, etc.)
- Human-LLM co-authored peer reviews (e.g., LLM-assisted peer review
platforms)
- Benchmark datasets for evaluating LLMs on idea generation,
experimentation, multimodal content generation, or scientific
writing
- Evaluation metrics for detecting problematic papers (e.g., those
containing suspicious citations or tortured phrases)
- Statistical analyses of collections of LLM-assisted papers (e.g., on
topics, citations, or retractions)
SUBMISSION INSTRUCTIONS
SciProdLLM 2025 welcomes long and short papers. Long papers may
consist of up to 8 pages of content, plus unlimited pages of
references. Short papers may consist of up to 4 pages of content, plus
unlimited pages of references. Both types of submissions must follow
the same requirements and procedures as for IJCNLP-AACL 2025 main
conference papers:
<https://2025.aaclnet.org/calls/main_conference_papers> Note that
papers submitted as non-archival will be allocated presentation time
at the workshop but will not be included in the proceedings.
There are three supported submission modes:
- Direct submissions: Direct submissions will receive up to three
double-blind reviews, and a final decision on acceptance from the
workshop organizers. Direct submissions should be made through the
SciProdLLM page on OpenReview:
<https://openreview.net/group?id=aclweb.org/AACL-IJCNLP/2025/Workshop/SciPro…>
- ARR submissions: Unpublished papers that have already been reviewed
and meta-reviewed through ACL Rolling Review may be committed to
SciProdLLM. These papers will not receive new reviews but may be
meta-reviewed by the workshop organizers, who will make a final
decision on acceptance. A commitment link will published in a future
version of this call.
- Previously published papers: We invite non-archival submissions of
papers that have already been recently published elsewhere. This
allows such papers to gain more visibility from the workshop
audience. To submit a previously published paper for presentation,
please email SciProdLLM(a)groups.io with the details of your paper
(title, authors, abstract, publication venue) and attaching a PDF
copy of the paper. (Submissions of previously published papers need
not adhere to the IJCNLP-AACL 2025 main conference paper policies on
anonymity.)
IMPORTANT DATES
All deadlines are 23:59 UTC−12 ("Anywhere on Earth").
- September 29, 2025: Submission deadline for direct submissions
- October 27, 2025: ARR commitment deadline
- November 3, 2025: Notification of acceptance
- November 11, 2025: Camera-ready papers due
- December 23 or 24, 2025: Workshop presentations (exact date TBA)
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
- Wei Zhao, University of Aberdeen, UK
- Jennifer D’Souza, TIB Leibniz Information Center for Science and
Technology, Germany
- Steffen Eger, University of Technology Nuremberg, Germany
- Anne Lauscher, University of Hamburg, Germany
- Yufang Hou, IT:U Interdisciplinary Transformation University,
Austria
- Nafise Sadat Moosavi, University of Sheffield, UK
- Tristan Miller, University of Manitoba, Canada
- Chenghua Lin, University of Manchester, UK
CONTACT INFORMATION
Email: SciProdLLM(a)groups.io
WWW: https://sciprodllm.github.io/
--
Dr. Tristan Miller, Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science, University of Manitoba
https://clam.cs.umanitoba.ca/ | Tel. +1 204 474 6792
We are hiring a postdoc at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden.
All people with a background in NLP are welcome to apply, We are particularly interested in applicants with a background in interpretability, evaluation, or computational social science.
You can find more details on the application page:
https://www.chalmers.se/en/about-chalmers/work-with-us/vacancies/?rmpage=jo…
If you are thinking of applying and would like to discuss about the position, please contact me (richard.johansson(a)cse.gu.se).
The deadline for applying is December 1.
Best regards,
Richard Johansson
**** We apologize for the multiple copies of this email. In case you are
already registered to the next webinar, you do not need to register
again. ****
Dear colleague,
We are happy to announce the next webinar in the Language Technology
webinar series organized by the HiTZ research center (Basque Center for
Language Technology, http://hitz.eus). We are organizing one seminar
every month.
Next webinar:
Speaker: Ivan Vulić (University of Cambridge / Google DeepMind)
Title: On Merging and MoErging Models and Modules
Date: Thursday, November 6, 2025 - 15:00 CET
Summary: Despite recent tendencies towards building large "monolithic"
neural models, fine-tuned expert models and parameter-efficient
specialised modules still offer gains over large monoliths in specific
tasks and for specific data distributions (e.g., low-resource languages
or specialised domains). Moreover, such modularisation of skills and
expertise into dedicated models or modules allows for asynchronous,
decentralised, and more efficient continuous model development, as well
as module reusability. However, a central question remains: how to
combine and compose these modules to enable positive transfer,
sample-efficient learning, and improved out-of-domain generalisation. In
this talk, after discussing the key advantages of modularisation and
modular specialisation, I will provide an overview of prominent module
and model composition strategies. I will focus on composition at the
parameter level (model merging) and functional level (model MoErging),
and then illustrate the usefulness of these techniques across several
applications.
Bio: Ivan Vulić is currently a Research Scientist at Google DeepMind in
Zurich after spending a year there as a Visiting Researcher. Before that
he was a Research Professor and a Royal Society University Research
Fellow in the Language Technology Lab, University of Cambridge, where he
spent 10 years across different research roles. From January 2018 until
November 2024 he was also a Senior Scientist at PolyAI in London. Ivan
holds a PhD in Computer Science from KU Leuven awarded summa cum laude.
In 2021 he was awarded the annual Karen Spärck Jones Award from the
British Computing Society for his research contributions to Natural
Language Processing and Information Retrieval. His core expertise and
research interests span, among others, cross-lingual, multilingual and
multi-modal representation learning, modularity and composability of ML
models, sample-efficient, parameter-efficient and few-shot ML,
conversational AI, data-centric ML.
Registration: https://www.hitz.eus/webinar_izenematea
You can view the videos of previous webinars and the schedule for
upcoming webinars here: http://www.hitz.eus/webinars
Upcoming webinars:
Goran Glavaš (December 4)
Thamar Solorio (January 15)
Henning Wachsmuth (February 5)
Check past and upcoming webinars at the following url:
http://www.hitz.eus/webinars If you are interested in participating,
please complete this registration form:
http://www.hitz.eus/webinar_izenematea
If you cannot attend this seminar, but you want to be informed of the
following HiTZ webinars, please complete this registration form instead:
http://www.hitz.eus/webinar_info
Best wishes,
HiTZ Zentroa
P.S: HiTZ will not grant any type of certificate for attendance at these
webinars.
Dear all,
There is a two-year postdoctoral position opening in the ERC-funded project 'Memory access in language (MEMLANG): How we store and retrieve linguistic information', led by Jakub Dotlacil, at the Institute for Language Sciences (ILS), Utrecht University. The application deadline is November 9, 2025.
See the link below for details:
https://www.uu.nl/en/organisation/working-at-utrecht-university/jobs/postdo…
Best regards,
Ece
https://ecekt.github.io/
[Apologies for multiple postings]
Dans le cadre de ses activités de production, ELDA propose *plusieurs
missions de recrutement (H/F) destinées à la constitution d’un corpus de
données audio _en français_*.
Langue concernée : français
Mission
* Recruter des locuteurs natifs francophones afin de réaliser des
enregistrements vocaux destinés à la recherche et au développement
en traitement automatique de la parole ;
* Réaliser avec chacun une conversation téléphonique d’environ 8
à 10 minutes via une plateforme dédiée ;
* Contrôler la qualité des enregistrements réalisés par tranche
de 12 locuteurs ;
* Collecter une courte vidéo (monologue face caméra de 3 à 5
minutes) produite par chaque participant recruté.
Profil recherché
* Locuteur natif du français ;
* Excellente maîtrise de la communication orale ;
* Aisance relationnelle et sens du contact.
Chaque participant recruté sera gratifié pour sa contribution.
Gratification : Entre 65€ et 190€ selon le nombre de locuteurs recrutés.
Les candidatures doivent être adressée à dylan(a)elda.org et chomicha(a)elda.org
ELDA <www.elda.org> (Evaluation and Language resources Distribution
Agency, ) a pour activités principales la distribution et la production
de ressources linguistiques, ainsi que l’évaluation de technologies de
la langue (traduction automatique, reconnaissance de la parole, etc.).