- Corpora - ELRA lists

Call For Participation: Machine Translation for Indian Languages (MTIL)
by Surupendu Gangopadhyay 25 Jul '23

25 Jul '23

Apologies for multiple posting *********************************** *------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Machine Translation for Indian Languages (MTIL) 2023------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* We invite all IR and NLP researchers and enthusiasts to participate in the MTIL track (https://mtilfire.github.io/mtil/2023/) held in conjunction with the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE) 2023 ( http://fire.irsi.res.in/). Indian languages have many linguistic complexities. Though some Indian languages share syntactic similarities, some possess intricate morphological structures. At the same time, some Indian languages are low-resource. Therefore the machine translation models should address these unique challenges in translating between Indian languages. The MTIL track consists of two tasks: 1. *General Translation Task (Task 1):* Task participants should build a machine translation model to translate sentences of the following language pairs: 1. Hindi-Gujarati 2. Hindi-Kannada 3. Kannada-Hindi 4. Hindi-Odia 5. Odia-Hindi 6. Hindi-Punjabi 7. Punjabi-Hindi 8. Hindi-Sindhi 9. Urdu-Kashmiri 10. Telugu-Hindi 11. Hindi-Telugu 12. Urdu-Hindi 13. Hindi-Urdu 2. *Domain Specific Translation Task (Task 2)*: Task participants will build machine translation models for Governance and Healthcare domains. 1. Healthcare: a. Hindi-Gujarati b. Kannada-Hindi c. Hindi-Odia d. Odia-Hindi e. Hindi-Punjabi f. Kannada-Hindi 2. Governance: a. Hindi-Gujarati b. Kannada-Hindi c. Hindi-Odia d. Odia-Hindi e. Hindi-Punjabi f. Kannada-Hindi *Dataset:* The primary source of parallel language pairs is Bharat Parallel Corpus Collection (BPCC), released by AI4Bharat (https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/bpcc ). Participants are encouraged to add datasets of their choice, including parallel corpora and monolingual datasets, to train their models. More information on registration and participation in the track can be found here: https://mtilfire.github.io/mtil/2023/ This track is being done in association with BHASHINI ( https://bhashini.gov.in/) *Organisers* - Prasenjit Majumder, DAIICT Gandhinagar,India and TCG CREST, Kolkata,India - Arafat Ahsan, IIIT-Hyderabad,India - Asif Ekbal, IIT-Patna,India - Saran Pandian, DAIICT Gandhinagar,India - Ramakrishna Appicharla, IIT-Patna ,India - Surupendu Gangopadhyay, DAIICT Gandhinagar,India - Ganesh Epili, DAIICT Gandhinagar,India - Dreamy Pujara, DAIICT Gandhinagar,India - Misha Patel, DAIICT Gandhinagar,India - Aayushi Patel, DAIICT Gandhinagar,India - Bhargav Dave, DAIICT Gandhinagar,India - Mukesh Jha, DAIICT Gandhinagar,India

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2-years Postdoc position in NLP at Bocconi University (Italy)
by debora.nozza＠unibocconi.it 24 Jul '23

24 Jul '23

We are seeking a highly motivated and talented individual to join our research team as a Postdoctoral Researcher in the field of Natural Language Processing. The position offers an exciting opportunity to investigate the computational and algorithmic aspects underlying modern Artificial Intelligence systems, with a specific focus on the algorithmic and application aspects of NLP-based technologies. Successful candidates will work closely with Prof. Debora Nozza, Prof. Dirk Hovy, and the MilaNLP lab. Your profile: - a Ph.D. in Computer Science, Computational Linguistics/NLP, Machine Learning, Data Science, or related fields. - Excellent programming skills in Python. - Fluency in spoken and written English. Knowledge of Italian is NOT a requirement. - Knowledge of current neural network models and implementation tools for neural networks (e.g., PyTorch). - Experience with publications in top-tier venues in the field of NLP/Computational Linguistics. Position Details: - Starting date: Oct 1 2023, or any time thereafter - Duration: 2 years - Deadline: 1st September 2023 - Competitive Salary: Applicants from outside Italy may qualify for a researcher taxation scheme How to apply: Go to the Bocconi postdoc job market page https://jobmarket.unibocconi.eu/?type=a&urlBack=/wps/wcm/connect/Bocconi/Si… and search for “Natural language processing”, where you can also find the official job description. Candidates should attach publications and a cover letter to their application. Online interviews will take place during September 2023. Please contact debora.nozza(at)unibocconi.it if you have any questions.

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Post doc Position in Corpus Linguistics or NLP at TurkuNLP
by Veronika Laippala 24 Jul '23

24 Jul '23

Dear colleagues, Our research group TurkuNLP at the University of Turku, Finland, has an opening for *a post doc position in corpus linguistics or NLP.*. The position is part of the research project "Massively Multilingual Modeling of Registers in Web-Scale Data," (MMMReg) which is funded by the Academy of Finland. The project aims to explore language use in the digital world at a massively multilingual scale using neural networks. The specific focus of the project is on web registers, such as news, blogs, and how-to pages. The primary goals of the project are to analyze the linguistic characteristics of web registers across languages and to develop machine learning methods for modeling registers in large web datasets at a massively multilingual scale. The position is for one year, starting on September 1, 2023. The closing date for the applications is August 7, 2023 (UTC+3) For more information on the position, please visit https://www.utu.fi/en/university/come-work-with-us/open-vacancies Do not hesitate to get in touch if you have any questions! Best regards, Veronika Laippala TurkuNLP, University of Turku, Finland

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3rd Workshop DL4LD: Addressing Deep Learning, Relation Extraction, and Linguistic Data
by Radovan Garabik 23 Jul '23

23 Jul '23

Third Workshop DL4LD 2023 Deep learning for linguistic linked data: Addressing Deep Learning, Relation Extraction, and Linguistic Data with a Case Study on The Bigger Analogy Test Set (BATS) https://vecto.space/projects/BATS/ Venue: Vienna, Austria, University of Vienna & online Website: http://dl4ld2023.mruni.eu/ Date: 13 September 2023 The Cost Action CA18209 NexusLinguarum ( https://nexuslinguarum.eu ) invites you to attend the Third Workshop Deep Learning for Linguistic Linked Data: Addressing Deep Learning, Relation Extraction, and Linguistic Data with a Case Study on The Bigger Analogy Test Set (BATS) – DL4LD 2023, organized as part of LDK 2023 ( http://2023.ldk-conf.org ). We are glad to announce that the program features one keynote, Assistant Professor Michael Cochez, and seven oral presentations. DL4LD 2023 will be a hybrid event (in-person and online) open to anyone interested in the topic. Online participation is still possible but requires prior registration. The registration form ( https://ldk-registration.univie.ac.at ) for online participation will be open until 3rd September 2023. We are very much looking forward to seeing you in Vienna or online. Program available here: http://dl4ld2023.mruni.eu/?page_id=323

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Joint Call for Tutorial Proposals - EACL/NAACL/ACL/EMNLP 2024
by Yuval Pinter 23 Jul '23

23 Jul '23

The European Chapter of the ACL (EACL), the North American Chapter of the ACL - Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT), the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), and the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) invite proposals for tutorials in conjunction with EACL 2024, NAACL-HLT 2024, ACL 2024, and EMNLP 2024. We seek proposals in all areas of computational linguistics, broadly conceived to include related disciplines. We invite proposals for two types of tutorials: Cutting-edge: tutorials that cover advances in newly emerging areas not previously covered in any EACL/NAACL-HLT/ACL/EMNLP related tutorial (see the list of tutorials in the past 4 years). Introductory to computational linguistics/NLP: tutorials that provide introductions to related fields that are potentially relevant for the computational linguistics community (e.g., linguistics, bioinformatics, machine learning techniques, large language models for Non-English languages). In both cases, the aim of a tutorial is primarily to help understand a scientific problem, its tractability, and its theoretical and practical implications. Presentations of particular technological solutions or systems are welcome, provided that they serve as illustrations of broader scientific considerations. Tutorials will be held at one of the following conference venues: * EACL 2024 in Malta on March 17-22, 2024 * NAACL-HLT 2024 in Mexico City on June 16-21, 2024 * ACL 2024 in Bangkok on August 12-17th, 2024 * EMNLP 2024 in location TBD, late in 2024 Important Dates EACL/NAACL-HLT/ACL/EMNLP 2024 shared dates: Proposal submission deadline: September 1, 2023 Notification of acceptance: October 1, 2023 All deadlines are 11:59PM UTC-12:00 (“anywhere on Earth”). Fee Waiving Up to 3 instructors per tutorial can have their registration fees waived for the main conference and any subset of co-located tutorials and workshops. Diversity And Inclusion To foster a really inclusive culture in our field, we particularly encourage submissions from members of underrepresented groups in computational linguistics, i.e., researchers from any demographic or geographic minority, researchers with disabilities, among others. The overall diversity of the tutorial organizers and potential audience will be taken into account to ensure that the conference program is varied and balanced. Tutorial proposals should describe and will be evaluated according to how the tutorial contributes to topics promoting diversity (e.g., working on minority languages or groups), participation diversity (e.g., coordinating with social affinity groups, providing subsidies, making a promotional plan for the tutorial), and representation diversity among tutorial presenters. For more information or advice, organizers may consult resources such as the BIG directory, Black in AI, Disability in AI, Indigenous AI, LatinX in AI, Masakhane, 500 Queer Scientists, and Women-in-ML’s directory. Submission Details Proposals should use the ACL paper submission format. Authors can download the LaTeX or Word template or use the Overleaf template. Proposals should not exceed 4 pages of content (plus unlimited pages for references), should be submitted as PDF documents, and should contain the following: * A title and authors, affiliations, and contact information. * A brief description of the tutorial content and its relevance to the computational linguistics community. * Type of the tutorial: cutting-edge vs introductory. * Briefly describe the target audience and any expected prerequisite background the audience should be aware of. Specification of any prerequisites for the attendees. Here are some examples: ** Math: e.g., “Understand derivatives and integrals as found in introductory calculus” ** Linguistics: e.g., “Be able to parse and generate text with dependency grammars” ** Machine Learning: e.g., “Understand ‘classical’ supervised methods such as SVM and perceptron” ** Other areas: e.g., “Familiarity with word2vec” ** Programming or other tools: e.g., “Knowledge of Pytorch and Unix command line tools” * An outline of the tutorial structure content and how it will be covered in a three-hour slot. In exceptional cases six-hour tutorial slots are available. These time limits do not include coffee breaks, e.g., a three-hour tutorial in fact occupies a 3.5-hour slot, and a six-hour tutorial occupies a 7-hour slot. * Explain how the tutorial includes other people’s work. We recommend that the tutorial covers work by the presenters as well as by other researchers. The submission should explain how this breadth is ensured. Tutorials should not be “self-invited talks”. * Diversity considerations, e.g., use of multilingual data, indications of how the described methods scale up to various languages or domains, participation of both senior and junior instructors, demographic and geographical diversity of the instructors, plans for how to diversify audience participation, etc. * Reading list. Work that you expect the audience to read before the tutorial can be indicated by an asterisk. Recommended papers should provide breadth of authorship and include work by other authors, and work from other disciplines is welcome if relevant. * For each tutorial presenter, a one-paragraph statement of their research interests and areas of expertise for the tutorial topic, as well as experience in instructing an international audience. * An estimate of the audience size for the tutorial. If the same or a similar tutorial has been given before, include information on where any previous version of the tutorial was given and how many attendees the tutorial attracted. * A note specifying which venue(s) (EACL/NAACL-HLT/ACL/EMNLP) would be acceptable and/or preferable. Include a description of any constraints that might make the tutorial compatible with only one of these events, logistically, thematically, or otherwise. * A description of special requirements for technical equipment. * We intend to make tutorial presentation materials publically available (e.g., tutorial slides, captioned video recording, as well as software, data, or other resources as applicable) in the ACL Anthology. If any of your tutorial materials cannot be shared, please explain. * An ethics statement that discusses ethical considerations related to the topics of the tutorial. * OPTIONAL: We welcome proposals on special conference themes. If your tutorial proposal aligns with the special theme of a conference, then please explain. * OPTIONAL: We invite tutorial instructors to include pedagogical material that the audience can bring into classrooms or similar spaces of discussion, to bring attention to the tutorial topic (e.g., a hands-on exercise, discussion questions, a demo, or an assignment). If you would like to provide this, then please explain. Tutorial proposals should be submitted online using the softconf system at the following link: https://softconf.com/n/acl-tutorials2024. Proposals will be reviewed jointly by the Tutorial Co-Chairs of the conferences and by a group of external experts. Evaluation Criteria Each tutorial proposal will be evaluated according to its clarity and preparedness, novelty or timely character of the topic, instructors’ experience, likely audience interest, open access of the tutorial instructional material, and diversity and inclusion. Instructor Responsibilities Accepted tutorial presenters will be notified by October 1st, 2023. They must then provide abstracts of their tutorials for inclusion in the conference registration material by the specific conference deadlines. The description should be in two formats: (a) an ASCII version that can be included in email announcements and published on the conference website, and (b) a PDF version for inclusion in the electronic proceedings (detailed instructions will be provided). Tutorial speakers must provide tutorial materials (e.g., slides, relevant list of papers) at least one month prior to the date of the tutorial conditioned on the final venue. The final submitted tutorial materials must minimally include copies of the course slides and a bibliography for the material covered in the tutorial. After the conference, the presenters will be invited to update their slides in the ACL Anthology (if needed). Tutorial Chairs EACL Sharid Loáiciga <sharid.loaiciga(a)gu.se> Mohsen Mesgar <mohsen.mesgar(a)bosch.com> NAACL-HLT Rui Zhang <rmz5227(a)psu.edu> Nathan Schneider <nathan.schneider(a)georgetown.edu> Snigdha Chaturvedi <snigdha(a)cs.unc.edu> ACL Luis Chiruzzo <luis.chiruzzo(a)gmail.com> Hung-yi Lee <tlkagkb93901106(a)gmail.com> Leonardo Ribeiro <leonardofribeiro(a)gmail.com> EMNLP TBA

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CFP: New Directions in Analyzing Text as Data (TADA) 2023 conference
by heather froehlich 21 Jul '23

21 Jul '23

Dear all, With apologies for cross posting: The New Directions in Analyzing Text as Data (TADA) meeting is a leading forum for interdisciplinary research on the study of politics, society, and culture through computational analysis of documents. TADA 2023 invites applications for research presentations on new work related to text-as-data methods and applications. Our programs from past meetings (e.g. 2022) <https://tada2022.org/>demonstrate this community’s history of bringing together researchers, practitioners, and scholars from many fields. *Key* *Dates* Submission deadline: August 4th Notification of acceptance: August 28th Registration opens: September 5th Papers circulated to discussants: October 26th Conference: November 9th and 10th, Amherst, MA *Abstract Submissions* Proposals to present work are due August 4, and consist of a brief, 300-word abstract in text format rather than a full paper. TADA 2023 is a non-archival conference; there are no formal proceedings, and papers presented at the conference will not be distributed publicly by the conference. Presenters are expected to provide a paper to their discussant two weeks before the conference. We welcome any work, so long as it hasn’t been previously presented at a TADA conference. We also welcome individuals to volunteer to serve as discussants. *Link for submissions: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfpsWgM44dfn3HRrQVq3uGXstBvRN6rbuO… <https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfpsWgM44dfn3HRrQVq3uGXstBvRN6rbuO…>* In addition to oral presentations and posters, TADA 2023 will have a doctoral consortium. We have limited funding to cover travel and lodging expenses for PhD students, who will be matched with experienced mentors from complementary fields to offer critiques to specific work and to provide guidance in how to do effective interdisciplinary work. Send questions for organizers at: info(a)tada2023.org. Thank you, Heather Froehlich -- Dr Heather Froehlich w // http://hfroehli.ch t // @heatherfro

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Counting multiple long (9+) n-grams in corpora: request for approaches
by beauchampd＠uni.coventry.ac.uk 21 Jul '23

21 Jul '23

Hi all, I'm doing analysis on a corpus on tweets from institutions. Regarding analysis of n-grams, it is quite unusual in that there are many repeated exact tweets, or very similar tweets, leading to long super strings of often 9 or 10 or more words together. Naturally this makes accurate counting and classifying difficult due to the overlapping substrings. Does anyone know of any approaches or software which can count and classify n-grams in such circumstances? I am aware of approaches outlined by Buerki (2017) and O'Donnell (2011), but these do not seem practical due to the excessive length of the n-grams in the corpus. Does anyone know of any accessible methods or packages? Any input much appreciated.

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Second Call for Participation: Second WMT Shared Task on Sign Language Translation (WMT-SLT 23)
by Eleftherios Avramidis 21 Jul '23

21 Jul '23

WMT-SLT 4: Motivation 2023 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjqBiRH0e_0&t=12s> WMT-SLT 5: Summary 2023 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngUDIZDvzvY&t=143s> We are excited to announce the second edition of the Shared Task on Sign Language Translation (WMT-SLT 23) at WMT 2023, co-located with EMNLP 2023. *NEW DEVELOPMENTS SINCE THE FIRST CALL* (1) Release of all our provided training data (2) Release of baseline systems *OVERVIEW* This shared task is concerned with automatic translation between signed and spoken languages. The task requires processing visual information (such as video and poses) beyond the well-known paradigm of text-to-text machine translation. This year the shared task features two tracks: translation from a signed language to a spoken language (signed-to-spoken track) and vice versa (spoken-to-signed track). We cover the following translation directions: signed-to-spoken: * Swiss German Sign Language (DSGS) to German (DE) spoken-to-signed: * German (DE) to Swiss German Sign Language (DSGS) * French (FR) to French Sign Language (LSF) * Italian (IT) to Italian Sign Language (LIS) We provide training data and baseline systems for all translation directions above. Submissions to the signed-to-spoken track will be ranked on a leaderboard. Submissions to the spoken-to-signed track are not ranked on the leaderboard while the task is running, but we still encourage participants to submit such systems. We aim to provide human evaluation for all submitted systems, regardless of the translation direction. We will ask participants to submit a system description paper to WMT 2023. *IMPORTANT DATES* * 22 June 2023: Release of training and development data * 22 June 2023: Release of baseline systems * 01 August 2023: Release of test data * 01 August 2023: System submission opens * 15 August 2023: System submission deadline * 05 September 2023: Paper submission deadline * 06 October 2023: Paper acceptance notification * 18 October 2023: Camera-ready version due * 6 - 7 December 2023: Overview of results at WMT All deadlines are AoE (Anywhere on Earth). Dates are in line with general deadlines of WMT. *ORGANIZERS* * Mathias Müller, University of Zurich * Sarah Ebling, University of Zurich and ZHAW Winterthur * Eleftherios Avramidis, DFKI Berlin * Cristina España-Bonet, DFKI Saarbrücken * Dimitar Shterionov, Tilburg University * Amit Moryossef, Bar-Ilan University / University of Zurich * Zifan Jiang, University of Zurich * Oscar Koller, Microsoft * Necati Cihan Camgoz, Meta * Roman Grundkiewicz, Microsoft * Davy Van Landuyt, European Union of the Deaf * Annelies Braffort, CNRS and Paris-Saclay University * Richard Bowden, University of Surrey * Anne Goehring, University of Zurich * Annette Rios, University of Zurich * Malihe Alikhani, University of Pittsburgh * Mert Inan, University of Pittsburgh *MORE INFORMATION* For more information, please visit our website: www.wmt-slt.com <http://www.wmt-slt.com> If you have any comments and/or questions, do not hesitate to contact us: wmt-tasks(a)googlegroups.com -- Dr. phil. Avramidis, Eleftherios Short name: Lefteris Pronouns: he/him Languages: English, German, Greek Website:https://www.dfki.de/~elav01 Address: Alt Moabit 91c, 10559 Berlin, Germany Tel.: +49 30 23895 1806 Sec.: +49 30 23895 1800 Fax.: +49 30 23895 1810 Web:http://www.dfki.de/~elav01 ------------------------------------------------------------- Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH Trippstadter Strasse 122, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany Geschäftsführung: Prof. Dr. Antonio Krüger Helmut Ditzer Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrats: Dr. Ferri Abolhassan Amtsgericht Kaiserslautern, HRB 2313 Sitz der Gesellschaft: Kaiserslautern ---------------------------------------------------------------------

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Open Job Positions: Lecturer (~Assistant Professor) in AI and Data Science
by Ingo Frommholz 20 Jul '23

20 Jul '23

The School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences at the University of Wolverhampton in the UK is seeking to recruit two enthusiastic individuals to fill the role of Lecturer in Computer Science (Artificial Intelligence and Data Science). This is also relevant for people working in Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing. You must hold a Master's degree (or equivalent) in Artificial Intelligence or Data Science, or a very closely related subject, and exhibit a commitment to the organisation and delivery of undergraduate and postgraduate programmes across the Department's subject areas, with a particular focus on Artificial Intelligence and Data Science. Membership in a professional body is a prerequisite. A PhD in Artificial Intelligence or Data Science would be highly desirable. More information and relevant links are available at https://jobs.wlv.ac.uk/vacancy/lecturer-in-artificial-intelligence-and-data…. You can also email Ingo Frommholz (i.frommholz(a)wlv.ac.uk) if you are interested. -- Ingo Frommholz (he/him), PhD, FBCS, FHEA Reader (~Associate Professor) in Data Science Deputy Head Digital Innovations and Solutions Centre (DISC) University of Wolverhampton, UK Adjunct Professor, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland Web: http://www.frommholz.org/ | Email: ifrommholz(a)acm.org Twitter: @iFromm | Mastodon: @ingo@idf.social PGP/GPG fingerprint: B74E A422 C7B2 A5BB 2BC2 523B 2790 216E F8F8 D166 http://pgp.mit.edu:11371/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0x2790216EF8F8D166

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Two Research Associate positions in the project “Young German Learner English: Complexity, Accuracy, Fluency”
by Robert Fuchs 20 Jul '23

20 Jul '23

We are happy to announce two positions as Research Associate in English Linguistics (m/f/d) (65% of regular working hours; pay group 13 TV-L) The positions have a start date of 1 November 2023 and are limited until 31 October 2026. Information on the project: The employment is in the project “Young German Learner English: Complexity, Accuracy, Fluency”, funded by the German Research Foundation. The project is a joint venture among the universities of Bamberg, Hamburg and Freiburg. It aims at the empirical analysis of complexity, accuracy and fluency as important constructs in the study of second language acquisition. To this end, a corpus of spoken and written production data from learners of English as a foreign language will be completed and annotated. In this corpus, the aforementioned constructs and their interactions will be investigated and contextual and social factors (e.g. motivation, socio-economic status) will be included in order to model the course of second language acquisition of English in the German context. The knowledge gained in this applied project will be used in the training of teachers as well as in the optimization of the development of textbooks and materials. Task description: The main tasks of the research associate are research-related and will comprise scientific and organizational support of the principal investigators, independent planning and implementation of data collection at schools, linguistic annotation and analysis of corpus data, as well as engaging in related publication activities. One of the posts is located at the University of Hamburg and supervised by Prof. Dr. Robert Fuchs. The other post is located at the University of Bamberg and supervised by PD Dr. Valentin Werner. We welcome applications from people from diverse backgrounds. For details on the specific requirements, desired qualifications and respective application procedures please refer to the relevant job ads: For the position in Hamburg: German version: https://www.uni-hamburg.de/stellenangebote/ausschreibung.html?jobID=3d2dafc… English version: https://www.uni-hamburg.de/en/stellenangebote/ausschreibung.html?jobID=7f27… For the position in Bamberg: https://www.uni-bamberg.de/fileadmin/abt-personal/Homepage_ab_2016-03/10_St… Application deadline: 15 August 2023 for the position in Bamberg and 24 August 2023 for the position in Hamburg -- Prof. Dr. Robert Fuchs (JP) | Department of English Language and Literature/Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik | University of Hamburg | Überseering 35, 22297 Hamburg, Germany | Room 07076 | https://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/RobertFuchs <https://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/RobertFuchs> | https://sites.google.com/view/rflinguistics/ <https://sites.google.com/view/rflinguistics/> Mailing list on varieties of English/World Englishes/ENL-ESL-EFL. Subscribe here: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/var-eng/join <https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/var-eng/join> Are you a non-native speaker of English? Please help us by taking this short survey on when and how you use the English language: https://lamapoll.de/englishusageofnonnativespeakers-1/ <https://lamapoll.de/englishusageofnonnativespeakers-1/>

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